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                <text>Welcome to the wonderful world of microbiology! Yay! So. What is microbiology? If we break the word down it translates to “the study of small life,” where the small life refers to microorganisms or microbes. But who are the microbes? And how small are they? Generally microbes  can be divided in to two categories: the cellular microbes (or organisms) and the acellular  microbes (or agents). In the cellular camp we have the bacteria, the archaea, the fungi, and the protists (a bit of a grab bag composed of algae, protozoa, slime molds, and water molds).  Cellular microbes can be either unicellular, where one cell is the entire organism, or multicellular, where hundreds, thousands or even billions of cells can make up the entire organism. In the acellular camp we have the viruses and other infectious agents, such as prions and viroids. In this textbook the focus will be on the bacteria and archaea (traditionally known as the “prokaryotes,”) and the viruses and other acellular agents.</text>
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                <text>Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder caused by antiphospholipid antibodies. It was characterized by excessive clotting of blood and/or certain complications of pregnancy (premature miscarriages, unexplained fetal death, or premature birth) and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (such as anti-cardiolipin antibodies or lupus anticoagulant) in the blood. Fifty percent of people with lupus have APS. The exact pathogenesis of APS is inadequately understood, so no specific treatment is available.</text>
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                <text>Bacterial pathogenicity factors are&#13;
functionally diverse. They may facilitate&#13;
the adhesion and colonization of bacteria,&#13;
influence the host immune response,&#13;
assist spreading of the bacterium by e.g.&#13;
evading recognition by immune cells, or&#13;
allow bacteria to dwell within protected&#13;
niches inside the eukaryotic cell. </text>
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                <text>When thinking about bacterial pathogens, most will consider their interaction with humans. Nevertheless,&#13;
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another but will rather come from or transit through the environment to infect the human host.&#13;
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aﬀects transmission to humans, and outbreaks. Such knowledge could be important to limit the&#13;
transmission during an outbreak. For example, a Legionnaires’ disease outbreak in Quebec City&#13;
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